Atherosclerotic diseases such as myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and peripheral
artery disease continue to be leading causes of death worldwide despite the success of …

Flowing blood generates a frictional force called shear stress that has major effects on
vascular function. Branches and bends of arteries are exposed to complex blood flow …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious health challenge, causing more deaths
worldwide than cancer. The vascular endothelium, which forms the inner lining of blood …

Ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is caused by a sudden temporary impairment of the blood
flow to the particular organ. IRI usually is associated with a robust inflammatory and …

Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a common pathology, with significant physical and
psychological impacts for patients and high economic costs for national healthcare systems …

Blood vessels are exposed to multiple mechanical forces that are exerted on the vessel wall
(radial, circumferential and longitudinal forces) or on the endothelial surface (shear stress) …

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, which modulate EC
functions and vascular biology/pathobiology in health and disease. The flow patterns and …

Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its complications are among the top causes of mortality
worldwide. In the vascular lumen, atherosclerotic plaques are not randomly distributed …

Although the pathobiology of atherosclerosis is a complex multifactorial process, blood flow-
induced shear stress has emerged as an essential feature of atherogenesis. This fluid drag …

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