A wealth of neuromodulatory transmitters regulate synaptic circuits in the brain. Their mode
of signaling, often called volume transmission, differs from classical synaptic transmission in …

Dopamine is a critical modulator of both learning and motivation. This presents a problem:
how can target cells know whether increased dopamine is a signal to learn or to move? It is …

Animals make predictions to guide their behavior and update those predictions through
experience. Transient increases in dopamine (DA) are thought to be critical signals for …

Striatal dopamine and acetylcholine are essential for the selection and reinforcement of
motor actions and decision-making. In vitro studies have revealed an intrastriatal circuit in …

External rewards such as food and money are potent modifiers of behaviour,. Pioneering
studies established that these salient sensory stimuli briefly interrupt the tonic discharge of …

The dopamine projection from ventral tegmental area (VTA) to nucleus accumbens (NAc) is
critical for motivation to work for rewards and reward-driven learning. How dopamine …

Environmental stimuli and objects, including rewards, are often processed sequentially in
the brain. Recent work suggests that the phasic dopamine reward prediction-error response …

Rewards are crucial objects that induce learning, approach behavior, choices, and
emotions. Whereas emotions are difficult to investigate in animals, the learning function is …

Motivation to work for potential rewards is critically dependent on dopamine (DA) in the
nucleus accumbens (NAc). DA release from NAc axons can be controlled by at least two …

With recent advancement in nanotechnology and materials science, we have been able to
fabricate electronics on flexible, stretchable and 3D substrates to cover electrical functional …