Lipid metabolism in avian species places unique demands on the liver in comparison to
most mammals. The avian liver synthesizes the vast majority of fatty acids that provide …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS, eg nitric oxide, NO) are
well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. ROS and …

Background Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is regulated by the Bcl-2
family and caspase family of proteins. The caspase cascade responsible for executing cell …

Nanoparticles that functionally mimic the activity of metal‐containing enzymes (metallo‐
nanozymes) are of therapeutic importance for treating various diseases. However, it is still …

Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with
reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both …

The reduction of oxygen to water proceeds via one electron at a time. In the mitochondrial
respiratory chain, Complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) retains all partially reduced …

Mitochondria play a critical role in maintaining cellular function by ATP production. They are
also a source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proapoptotic factors. The role of …

Redox state is a term used widely in the research field of free radicals and oxidative stress.
Unfortunately, it is used as a general term referring to relative changes that are not well …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism,
primarily in the mitochondria. When cellular production of ROS overwhelms its antioxidant …

In addition to the well-established role of the mitochondria in energy metabolism, regulation
of cell death has recently emerged as a second major function of these organelles. This, in …