Schematic illustration of major signaling pathways of insulin action. The phosphorylated
insulin receptor binds and phosphorylates IRS proteins and Shc, which bind differentially to …

The type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R), a transmembrane tyrosine kinase, is
widely expressed across many cell types in foetal and postnatal tissues. Activation of the …

Phosphotyrosine phosphatases are critical negative or positive regulators in the intracellular
signalling pathways that result in growth-factor-specific cell responses such as mitosis …

Tubular reabsorption of filtered sodium is quantitatively the main contribution of kidneys to
salt and water homeostasis. The transcellular reabsorption of sodium proceeds by a two …

Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases), such as SHP-1 and SHP-2, that contain Src
homology 2 (SH2) domains play important roles in growth factor and cytokine signal …

To understand the physiological role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTPase 1B) in
insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling, we established clonal cell lines …

The features of three distinct protein phosphorylation cascades in mammalian cells are
becoming clear. These signalling pathways link receptor-mediated events at the cell surface …

Shp-2, a widely expressed cytoplasmic tyrosine phosphatase with two SH2 domains, is
believed to participate in signal relay downstream of growth factor receptors. We show here …

Interferons (IFNs) induce early-response genes by stimulating Janus family (Jak) tyrosine
kinases, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat transcription factors. Previous studies …

The insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) system in ubiquitous and plays a role in every tissue of
the body. It is comprised of ligands, receptors and binding proteins, each with specific …