Microglia are emerging as critical regulators of neuronal function and behavior in nearly
every area of neuroscience. Initial reports focused on classical immune functions of …

The immune system plays a pivotal role in the initiation, development and resolution of
inflammation following insult or damage to organs. The heart is a vital organ which supplies …

The meninges are densely innervated by nociceptive sensory neurons that mediate pain
and headache,. Bacterial meningitis causes life-threatening infections of the meninges and …

The brain is well protected against microbial invasion by cellular barriers, such as the blood-
brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). In addition, cells …

The pneumococcus is the classic Gram-positive extracellular pathogen. The medical burden
of diseases it causes is amongst the greatest in the world. Intense study for more than 100 …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a Gram-positive bacterial pathogen that colonizes the
mucosal surfaces of the host nasopharynx and upper airway. Through a combination of …

Pneumococcal meningitis continues to be associated with high rates of mortality and long-
term neurological sequelae. The most common route of infection starts by nasopharyngeal …

Microglia are key players of the immune response in the central nervous system (CNS) and,
being the resident innate immune cells, they are responsible for the early control of …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease featuring
progressive impairments in memory, cognition, and behavior and ultimately leads to death …

The nature of microglia fascinated many prominent researchers in the 19th and early 20th
centuries, and in a classic treatise in 1932, Pio del Rio-Hortega formulated a number of …