Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

The stratosphere has been identified as an important source of predictability for a range of
processes on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) time scales. Knowledge about S2S …

Successive cold winters of severely low temperatures in recent years have had critical social
and economic impacts on the mid-latitude continents in the Northern Hemisphere. Although …

A powerful influence on the weather that we experience on the ground can be exerted by the
stratosphere. This highly stratified layer of Earth's atmosphere is found 10 to 50 kilometres …

One of the more robust results of greenhouse gas‐induced climate change to emerge from
chemistry‐climate and climate model projections in the last decade is, depending on the …

Abstract The NCAR Community Earth System Model (CESM) now includes an atmospheric
component that extends in altitude to the lower thermosphere. This atmospheric model …

The brightness of the Sun varies on all timescales on which it has been observed, and there
is increasing evidence that this has an influence on climate. The amplitudes of such …

We describe the main differences in simulations of stratospheric climate and variability by
models within the fifth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) that have a model …

One of the most repeatable phenomena seen in the atmosphere, the quasi-biennial
oscillation (QBO) between prevailing eastward and westward wind jets in the equatorial …