Petroleum refinery effluents (PRE) are generally the wastes generated from industries
primarily engaged in refining crude oil, manufacturing fuels, lubricants and petrochemical …

Large volumes of produced water are associated with the production of oil and gas in
onshore and offshore oilfields. Produced water is separated from the oil and gas and either …

Large volumes of produced water are generated as a byproduct in activities of oil and gas
exploitation, which can be reused in agriculture after a treatment process. Activated sludge …

Increased water demand for crop irrigation requires new water sources in the short term.
One alternative may be unconventional ground water sources, such as produced waters that …

In the Mexican southeast, hydrocarbon spills and their residues affect various agricultural
sites. A specific case is spills of oil production or congenital waters that cause soil …

Produced waters are considered a byproduct from the oil industry that may contain mineral
elements essential for plant nutrition, which enables them for irrigation purposes. Due to the …

Oil production and refining use much water and emit hydrocarbon and streams related to
mineral oil wastewater. Significant amounts of wastewater are produced due to the …

The produced water is obtained during the extraction process of hydrocarbons, whose
characteristics, composition and concentration depend on the reservoir that contains them …

Water scarcity is a problem that is currently lived in several countries of the world. The level
of water scarcity will be different depending on the region of the world where one is located …

Oil and gas industry produces wastewater (produced water), which contains hydrocarbons,
heavy metals, and other components, such as mineral salts essential for plant nutrition …