Stochastic thermodynamics as reviewed here systematically provides a framework for
extending the notions of classical thermodynamics such as work, heat and entropy …

The constant dynamic movement of synapses and their components has emerged in the last
decades as a key feature of synaptic transmission and its plasticity. Intramolecular protein …

General aspects of the Fluctuation–Dissipation Relation (FDR), and Response Theory are
considered. After analyzing the conceptual and historical relevance of fluctuations in …

Living systems operate far from thermodynamic equilibrium. Enzymatic activity can induce
broken detailed balance at the molecular scale. This molecular scale breaking of detailed …

Since their invention in 1986 by Arthur Ashkin and colleagues, optical tweezers have
become an essential tool in several fields of physics, spectroscopy, biology …

I review single-molecule experiments (SMEs) in biological physics. Recent technological
developments have provided the tools to design and build scientific instruments of high …

Entropy production is the hallmark of nonequilibrium physics, quantifying irreversibility,
dissipation, and the efficiency of energy transduction processes. Despite many efforts, its …

We review the general aspects of the concept of temperature in equilibrium and non-
equilibrium statistical mechanics. Although temperature is an old and well-established …

For a small driven system coupled strongly to a heat bath, internal energy and exchanged
heat are identified such that they obey the usual additive form of the first law. By identifying …

The thermodynamic uncertainty relation is an inequality stating that it is impossible to attain
higher precision than the bound defined by entropy production. In statistical inference …