Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is not only a well-established toxic gas but also an important small
molecule bioregulator in all kingdoms of life. In contemporary biology, H2S is often classified …

Gases like H2, N2, CO2, and CO are increasingly recognized as critical feedstock in “green”
energy conversion and as sources of nitrogen and carbon for the agricultural and chemical …

Physical laws—such as the laws of motion, gravity, electromagnetism, and thermodynamics—
codify the general behavior of varied macroscopic natural systems across space and time …

Metalloenzymes catalyze a variety of reactions using a limited number of natural amino
acids and metallocofactors. Therefore, the environment beyond the primary coordination …

Uncovers the Key Role Microbes Play in the Transformation of Oxidizable and Reducible
MineralsMany areas of geomicrobial processes are receiving serious attention from …

The chemical versatility of sulfur and its abundance in the prebiotic Earth as reduced sulfide
(H2S) implicate this molecule in the origin of life 3.8 billion years ago and also as a major …

Phosphate is essential for all living systems, serving as a building block of genetic and
metabolic machinery. However, it is unclear how phosphate could have assumed these …

Chemical gardens are perhaps the best example in chemistry of a self-organizing
nonequilibrium process that creates complex structures. Many different chemical systems …

Nickel enzymes, present in archaea, bacteria, plants, and primitive eukaryotes are divided
into redox and nonredox enzymes and play key functions in diverse metabolic processes …

The origin of life entails a continuum from simple prebiotic chemistry to cells with genes and
molecular machines. Using life as a guide to this continuum, we consider how selection …