The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

Venus today is inhospitable at the surface, its average temperature of 750 K being
incompatible to the existence of life as we know it. However, the potential for past surface …

A systematic survey of 57 different paragenetic modes distributed among 5659 mineral
species reveals patterns in the diversity and distribution of minerals related to their evolving …

The water content in Earth's mantle today remains poorly constrained, but the bulk water
storage capacity in the solid mantle can be quantified based on experimental data and may …

The deuterium-to-hydrogen (D/H or 2 H/1 H) ratio of Martian atmospheric water (∼ 6×
standard mean ocean water, SMOW) is higher than that of known sources, requiring …

Earth owes much of its dynamic surface to its bimodal hypsometry, manifested by high-riding
continents and low-riding ocean basins. The thickness of the crust in the lithosphere exerts …

Heat flow measurements are important for our understanding of planetary interior
composition, structure, and evolution. In the absence of direct measurement, a first‐order …

Earth's surface environment is largely influenced by its budget of major volatile elements:
carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and hydrogen (H). Although the volatiles on Earth are thought to …

The Moon-forming giant impact extensively melts and partially vaporizes the silicate Earth
and delivers a substantial mass of metal to Earth's core. The subsequent evolution of the …

The early Paleoproterozoic represents a period of rapid changes in Earth systems that could
have affected the stable isotopic composition of seawater. The well-preserved pillow …