Importance The associations between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and inhaled long-
acting β 2-agonists (LABAs) or long-acting antimuscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) in chronic …

Background and Objectives Previous cohort studies reported that a single measure of
physical activity (PA) assessed at baseline was associated with lower Parkinson disease …

Background: Unmeasured confounding is often raised as a source of potential bias during
the design of non-randomized studies but quantifying such concerns is challenging …

Background Gabapentin, opioids, and/or benzodiazepines are commonly prescribed for a
variety of pain and psychiatric conditions. Despite the high likelihood of co-prescription of …

Background Exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severely
impacts the quality of life and causes high mortality and morbidity. COPD is involved with …

Objective Insulin pump use is increasing among people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), albeit at
a slower rate compared to people with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Factors associated with insulin …

Background Previous animal studies have shown that certain respiratory oncoviruses can
lead to tumorigenesis, especially influenza virus. However, no clinical studies other than …

Suppose that an investigator is interested in quantifying an exposure-disease causal
association in a setting where the exposure, disease, and some potential confounders of the …

Abstract Summary scores that reduce baseline covariate information to a single value have
become standard tools for confounding control in pharmacoepidemiologic studies. The …

In this review paper, I outline the principles of the cohort as a sampling frame and provide a
basic introduction to the cohort study design and the case–control study design, two of the …