The study of individual behavioral variation, sometimes called animal personalities or
behavioral types, is now a well-established area of research in behavioral ecology and …

Within animal populations there is variation among individuals in their tendency to be social,
where more sociable individuals associate more with other individuals. Consistent inter …

Research focusing on among‐individual differences in behaviour ('animal personality') has
been blooming for over a decade. Central theories explaining the maintenance of such …

Non‐consumptive predator effects (NCEs) are now widely recognised for their capacity to
shape ecosystem structure and function. Yet, forecasting the propagation of these predator …

Social organisation in animals takes many forms. It includes assemblages of territorial
animals, dominance hierarchies and social groups, among other things. The basic tenet that …

Behavioral individuality is a ubiquitous phenomenon in animal populations, yet the origins
and developmental trajectories of individuality, especially very early in life, are still a black …

Behavioral traits and diet were traditionally thought to be highly plastic within individuals.
This view was espoused in the widespread use of optimality models, which broadly predict …

The contribution of genetic variation to phenotypes is a central factor in whether and how
populations respond to selection. The most common approach to estimating these …

Behavioural individuality is thought to be caused by differences in genes and/or
environmental conditions. Therefore, if these sources of variation are removed, individuals …

Central theories explaining the maintenance of individual differences in behavior build on
the assumption that behavior mediates life-history trade-offs between current and future …