Bone disorders are of significant concern due to increase in the median age of our
population. Traditionally, bone grafts have been used to restore damaged bone. Synthetic …

The cell microenvironment has emerged as a key determinant of cell behavior and function
in development, physiology, and pathophysiology. The extracellular matrix (ECM) within the …

Polymeric materials have been extensively explored in the field of nanomedicine; within
them, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) holds a prominent position in micro-and …

Advances in nanotechnology provided the basis for fabrication of nanoparticulate delivery
systems with large ratios of surface area to volume, rendering them very effective within the …

Bone healing is an impressive ability of the human body, but critical-sized bone defects
require external intervention. Bioceramic scaffolds with excellent biocompatibility and …

Critical-sized bone defects are defined as those that will not heal spontaneously within a
patient's lifetime. Current treatment options include vascularized bone grafts, distraction …

Tissue is vital to the organization of multicellular organisms, because it creates the different
organs and provides the main scaffold for body shape. The quest for effective methods to …

An autologous bone graft is still the ideal material for the repair of craniofacial defects, but its
availability is limited and harvesting can be associated with complications. Bone …

Tissue engineering has acquired remarkable attention as an alternative strategy to treat and
restore bone defects during recent years. A scaffold is a fundamental component for tissue …

The failure to repair critical‐sized bone defects often leads to incomplete regeneration or
fracture non‐union. Tissue‐engineered grafts have been recognized as an alternative …