The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control,
motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Ketamine is used clinically as an anaesthetic and a fast-acting antidepressant, and
recreationally for its dissociative properties, raising concerns of addiction as a possible side …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic
dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA mesolimbic neurotransmission have been found to …

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a particularly useful behavioral paradigm for exploring the
molecular mechanisms of learning and memory because a well-defined response to a …

The cellular heterogeneity of the brain confounds efforts to elucidate the biological
properties of distinct neuronal populations. Using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) …

Amyloid-β peptide is elevated in the brains of patients with Alzheimer disease and is
believed to be causative in the disease process. Amyloid-β reduces glutamatergic …

The presence and function of CB2 receptors in central nervous system (CNS) neurons are
controversial. We report the expression of CB2 receptor messenger RNA and protein …

According to the Hebb rule, the change in the strength of a synapse depends only on the
local interaction of presynaptic and postsynaptic events. Studies at many types of synapses …