Several factors affect intermale mating competition and the socio-sexual behaviors of
primate males. These include the number of receptive females, mating seasonality …

Primate societies are diverse in terms of social organization and structure (Smuts et al. 1987;
Boesch et al. 2002). The society, or social unit, is the set of conspecific animals that interact …

Both chimpanzees and bonobos form male-philopatric societies—ie, males remain in their
natal group for their entire lives while most females transfer to a different group around …

Mothers are the most fundamental individuals for the survival and development of their
immature offspring. Sex-biased dispersal has an effect on strong and long-lasting social …

When two or more animals use limited amounts of resources, such as food, mates, or
shelter, competition may occur. Individuals may gain access to the same resources when the …

Patterns of kinship among individuals in different groups have been rarely examined in
animals. Two closest living relatives of humans, bonobos and chimpanzees share many …

Bonobos (Pan paniscus) are one of the closest evolutionary neighbors to humans. They live
in societies that contain various rare traits among animal species. Unlike most primates that …

Although chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus) share a multi-
male/multi-female societal organization and form male-philopatric groups, disparities in …

Feeding competition and predation risk are two important factors determining female
reproductive success and interfemale relationships (Sterck et al. 1997). Although an …

In group-living mammals, reproductive success can be attributed to both resident and non-
resident males. However, the reproductive success of non-resident males has rarely been …