It is now becoming well established that vesicles are released from a broad range of cell
types and are involved in cell-to-cell communication, both in physiological and pathological …

The renin–angiotensin system is an important component of the cardiovascular system.
Mounting evidence suggests that the metabolic products of angiotensin I and II—initially …

For many years, double-layer phospholipid membrane vesicles, released by most cells,
were not considered to be of biological significance. This stance has dramatically changed …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

Cardiac fibrosis remains an unresolved problem in heart diseases. After initial injury, cardiac
fibroblasts (CFs) are activated and subsequently differentiate into myofibroblasts (myoFbs) …

Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Human Disease | New England Journal of Medicine Skip to
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Exosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles of endocytic origin that are actively
secreted. The potential of exosomes as effective communicators of biological signaling in …

Simple Summary Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound vesicles released by all
cell types, differing in biogenesis, physical characteristics, and contents. Due to their central …

Expansion and activation of fibroblasts following cardiac injury is important for repair but
may also contribute to fibrosis, remodeling, and dysfunction. The authors discuss the …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are lipid bilayer
particles naturally released from the cell. While exosomes are formed as intraluminal …