Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink (referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an
important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) …

Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

It is unequivocal that the increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O) since the pre-industrial period are caused by human activities. The …

Arctic permafrost stores nearly 1,700 billion metric tons of frozen and thawing carbon.
Anthropogenic warming threatens to release an unknown quantity of this carbon to the …

Tundra vegetation productivity and composition are responding rapidly to climatic changes
in the Arctic. These changes can, in turn, mitigate or amplify permafrost thaw. In this Review …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Large stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC) have accumulated in the Northern Hemisphere
permafrost region, but their current amounts and future fate remain uncertain. By analyzing …

Land degradation has become one of the biggest environmental challenges human society
is currently facing, which is why understanding the global pattern of this land crisis is …

Lightning is an indicator and a driver of climate change. Here, using satellite observations of
lightning flash rate and ERA5 reanalysis, we find that the spatial pattern of summer lightning …