The course of pupillary constriction and dilation provides an easy-to-access, inexpensive,
and noninvasive readout of brain activity. We propose a new taxonomy of factors affecting …

Our subjective visual experiences involve complex interaction between our eyes, our brain,
and the surrounding world. It gives us the sense of sight, color, stereopsis, distance, pattern …

Cortical state, defined by population-level neuronal activity patterns, determines sensory
perception. While arousal-associated neuromodulators—including norepinephrine (NE) …

Sleep spindles are burstlike signals in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of the slee**
mammalian brain and electrical surface correlates of neuronal oscillations in thalamus. As …

The locus coeruleus (LC), or 'blue spot', is a small nucleus located deep in the brainstem
that provides the far-reaching noradrenergic neurotransmitter system of the brain. This …

Cognitively driven pupil modulations reflect certain underlying brain functions. What do
these reflections tell us? Here, we review findings that have identified key roles for three …

Genetically encoded voltage indicators are emerging tools for monitoring voltage dynamics
with cell-type specificity. However, current indicators enable a narrow range of applications …

We propose and empirically support a parsimonious account of intrinsic, brain-wide
spatiotemporal organization arising from traveling waves linked to arousal. We hypothesize …

INTRODUCTION In the absence of sensory inputs, the brain produces structured patterns of
activity, which can be as large as or larger than sensory-driven activity. Ongoing activity …

Decades of neurobiological research have disclosed the diverse manners in which the
response properties of neurons are dynamically modulated to support adaptive cognitive …