Adenosine signalling has long been a target for drug development, with adenosine itself or
its derivatives being used clinically since the 1940s. In addition, methylxanthines such as …

Adenosine is involved in a range of physiological and pathological effects through
membrane-bound receptors linked to G proteins. There are four subtypes of adenosine …

A. Cellular and Subcellular Localization B. Pharmacological Tools to Study Adenosine
Receptors C. Signaling Via Adenosine Receptors D. Regulation of Receptor Expression and …

Fear is an adaptive component of the acute “stress” response to potentially-dangerous
(external and internal) stimuli which threaten to perturb homeostasis. However, when …

Adenosine is formed inside cells or on their surface, mostly by breakdown of adenine
nucleotides. The formation of adenosine increases in different conditions of stress and …

Abstract Extracellular adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine molecules are
intimately involved in immune responses. ATP is mostly a pro-inflammatory molecule and is …

Purinergic neurotransmission, involving release of ATP as an efferent neurotransmitter was
first proposed in 1972. Later, ATP was recognised as a cotransmitter in peripheral nerves …

Adenosine is a neuromodulator that operates via the most abundant inhibitory adenosine A
1 receptors (A 1 Rs) and the less abundant, but widespread, facilitatory A 2A Rs. It is …

Nucleotides and nucleosides influence nearly every aspect of physiology and
pathophysiology. Extracellular nucleotides are metabolized through regulated …

Adenosine receptor subtypes, first described 40 years ago, are known to regulate diverse
biological functions and have a role in various conditions, such as cerebral and cardiac …