In the two decades since their initial discovery, DNA vaccines technologies have come a
long way. Unfortunately, when applied to human subjects inadequate immunogenicity is still …

The history of DNA vaccine began as early as the 1960s with the discovery that naked DNA
can transfect mammalian cells in vivo. In 1992, the evidence that such transfection could …

Early responses to vaccination are important for sha** both humoral and cellular
protective immunity. Dissecting innate vaccine signatures may predict immunogenicity to …

Despite many years of research, human DNA vaccines have yet to fulfill their early promise.
Over the past 15 years, multiple generations of DNA vaccines have been developed and …

In the years following the publication of the initial in vivo demonstration of the ability of
plasmid DNA to generate protective immune responses, DNA vaccines have entered into a …

Cytokines are a protein family comprising interleukins, lymphokines, chemokines,
monokines and interferons. They are significant constituents of the immune system, and they …

It is generally recognized that DNA vaccines are often less effective in large animals than in
mice. One possible reason for this reduced effectiveness may be transfection deficiency and …

To develop protective immune responses against mucosal pathogens, the delivery route
and adjuvants for vaccination are important. The host, however, strives to maintain mucosal …

Vaccine efficacy is determined largely by cellular and humoral immunity as well as long-
lasting immunological memory. IL-2 and IL-15 were evaluated in vaccinia vectors …

Plasmid DNA vaccines elicit potent and protective immune responses in numerous small-
animal models of infectious diseases. However, their immunogenicity in primates appears …