Viruses of archaea represent one of the most enigmatic parts of the virosphere. Most of the
characterized archaeal viruses infect extremophilic hosts and display remarkable diversity of …

Naturally occurring plasmids come in different sizes. The smallest are less than a kilobase of
DNA, while the largest can be over three orders of magnitude larger. Historically, research …

Single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses are a major component of the earth virome. In particular,
the circular, Rep-encoding ssDNA (CRESS-DNA) viruses show high diversity and …

Biologists used to draw schematic “universal” trees of life as metaphors illustrating the
history of life. It is indeed a priori possible to construct an organismal tree connecting the …

The major difference between viruses and plasmids is the mechanism of transferring their
genomic information between host cells. Here, we describe the archaeal plasmid pR1SE …

Anaerobic treatment of chloramphenicol wastewater holds significant promise due to its
potential for bioenergy generation. However, the high concentration of organic matter and …

The deep sea is a massive, largely oligotrophic ecosystem, stretched over nearly 65% of the
planet's surface. Deep-sea planktonic communities are almost completely dependent upon …

Type II DNA topoisomerases of the family A (Topo IIAs) are present in all Bacteria (DNA
gyrase) and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, they play a major role in transcription, DNA …

DNA gyrase is a type II topoisomerase with the unique capacity to introduce negative
supercoiling in DNA. In bacteria, DNA gyrase has an essential role in the homeostatic …

A substantial fraction of archaeal genes, from∼ 30% to as much as 80%, encode
'hypothetical'proteins or genomic 'dark matter'. Archaeal genomes typically contain a higher …