Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global
population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water …

Desalination has gained significant importance in recent decades especially in arid regions
such as MENA. There are different technologies for desalination such as thermal …

Growing requirements of freshwater and unsustainable nature of fossil fuels are driving the
interest in using renewable energy for desalination applications. Due to their less energy …

In recent decades, freshwater reserves have been under high threats, generated mainly by
anthropogenic causes such as rapid population growth and climate change. Currently, one …

Water and energy are two key factors in human life that always control the growth and
development of human societies. Climate changes, increasing the population in urban areas …

In recent decades, problems related to fresh water has become a very important issue for
humans. Small-scale desalination (SSD) systems, besides large-scale desalination (LSD) …

Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas have been used as the major sources
of energy in the recent past. However, the negative environmental impacts associated with …

Freshwater and energy are essential commodities for well being of mankind. Due to
increasing population growth on the one hand, and rapid industrialization on the other …

Due to current water stress, there is a problem with hygiene and sanitation in many parts of
the world. According to predictions from the United Nations, more than 2.7 billion people will …

The growing scarcity of freshwater is driving the implementation of desalination on an
increasingly large scale. However, the energy required to run desalination plants remains a …