Insulin resistance (IR) plays a key role in the pathophysiology of obesity-related diseases
such as type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. It has been demonstrated that …

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the major cause of abnormal liver function in the
western world, is often associated with obesity and diabetes. In obese individuals, fat …

Obesity and dyslipidemia are risk factors for metabolic disorders including diabetes and
cardiovascular disease. Sphingolipids such as ceramide and glucosylceramides, while …

Resistin was originally described as an adipocyte-secreted peptide that induced insulin
resistance in rodents. Increasing evidence indicates its important regulatory roles in various …

Adipokines are polypeptides secreted in the adipose tissue in a regulated manner. While
some of these molecules are expressed only by adipocytes, resident and infiltrating …

All living organisms depend on dynamic mechanisms that repeatedly reassess the status of
amassed energy, in order to adapt energy supply to demand. The AMP-activated protein …

Complex multicellular organisms require a coordinated response from multiple tissues to
maintain whole-body homeostasis in the face of energetic stressors such as fasting, cold …

Adipokines are secreted by adipose tissue and control various physiological systems. Low
leptin levels during fasting stimulate feeding, reduce energy expenditure, and modulate …

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a phylogenetically conserved serine/threonine
protein kinase, has been proposed to function as a 'fuel gauge'to monitor cellular energy …

Low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance are among the clinical features of obesity
that are thought to promote the progressive onset of type 2 diabetes. However, the …