Purpose The prognostic utility of the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in nasopharyngeal
carcinoma (NPC) has never been systematically reviewed. Therefore, we performed this …

Hamilton's rule provides the cornerstone for our understanding of the evolution of all forms of
social behavior, from altruism to spite, across all organisms, from viruses to humans. In …

In many species that raise young in cooperative groups, breeders live an exceptionally long
time despite high investment in offspring production. How is this possible given the expected …

Breeding females can cooperate by rearing their offspring communally, sharing synergistic
benefits of offspring care but risking exploitation by partners. In lactating mammals …

Long-term social and genetic monogamy is rare in animals except birds, but even in birds it
is infrequent and poorly understood. We investigated possible advantages of monogamy in …

Predation risk can influence behavior, reproductive investment, and, ultimately, individuals'
fitness. In high-risk environments, females often reduce allocation to reproduction, which can …

Females may adjust prenatal allocation in relation to ecological conditions that affect
reproductive success, such as weather conditions or predation risk. In cooperative breeders …

Prenatal resource allocation to offspring can be influenced by maternal environment and
offspring value, and affect offspring survival. An important pathway for flexible maternal …

Cooperative breeding allows the costs of parental care to be shared, but as groups become
larger, such benefits often decline as competition increases and group cohesion breaks …

Primitively social Sclerodermus parasitoids form female multifoundress groups on large,
paralysed hosts and then cooperatively care for large broods of offspring throughout their …