The global sediment cycle is a fundamental feature of the Earth system, balancing
competing factors such as orogeny, physical–chemical erosion and human action. In this …

The atmosphere of the Archean eon—one-third of Earth's history—is important for
understanding the evolution of our planet and Earth-like exoplanets. New geological proxies …

Increasing salt production and use is shifting the natural balances of salt ions across Earth
systems, causing interrelated effects across biophysical systems collectively known as …

Concealed deep beneath the oceans is a carbon conveyor belt, propelled by plate tectonics.
Our understanding of its modern functioning is underpinned by direct observations, but its …

The evolution of oxygen cycles on Earth's surface has been regulated by the balance
between molecular oxygen production and consumption. The Neoproterozoic–Paleozoic …

Alkalinity, the excess of proton acceptors over donors, plays a major role in ocean chemistry,
in buffering and in calcium carbonate precipitation and dissolution. Understanding alkalinity …

The evolution of the global carbon and silicon cycles is thought to have contributed to the
long-term stability of Earth's climate,–. Many questions remain, however, regarding the …

Earth's persistent habitability since the Archean remains poorly understood. Using an
oxygen isotope ensemble approach—comprising shale, iron oxide, carbonate, silica, and …

In the Precambrian, reverse weathering—a process consuming oceanic silica, metal cations
and alkalinity to form marine clays—was a key control of the long-term carbon cycle …

The existence of stabilizing feedbacks within Earth's climate system is generally thought to
be necessary for the persistence of liquid water and life. Over the course of Earth's history …