Traditional annotation of protein-encoding genes relied on assumptions, such as one open
reading frame (ORF) encodes one protein and minimal lengths for translated proteins. With …

Bacteria power their energy metabolism using membrane-bound respiratory enzymes that
capture chemical energy and transduce it by pum** protons or Na+ ions across their cell …

Manganese is one of the most abundant elements on Earth. The oxidation of manganese
has long been theorized—yet has not been demonstrated,–—to fuel the growth of …

Despite decades of work by structural biologists, there are still~ 5200 protein families with
unknown structure outside the range of comparative modeling. We show that Rosetta …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprise the superoxide anion (O2•−), hydrogen peroxide
(H2O2), hydroxyl radical (• OH), and singlet oxygen (1O2). ROS can damage a variety of …

Anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria are one of the latest scientific
discoveries in the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. These microorganisms are able to oxidize …

Sulfate-reducing microorganisms represent a globally important link between the sulfur and
carbon cycles. Recent metagenomic surveys expanded the diversity of microorganisms …

In the final steps of energy conservation in aerobic organisms, free energy from electron
transfer through the respiratory chain is transduced into a proton electrochemical gradient …

Electroactive microorganisms possess the unique ability to transfer electrons to or from solid
phase electron conductors, eg, electrodes or minerals, through various physiological …

Membrane proteins play critical physiological roles in all organisms, from ion transport and
signal transduction to multidrug resistance. Elucidating their 3D structures is essential for …