CRISPR and CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein, as components of microbial adaptive
immune system, allows biologists to edit genomic DNA in a precise and specific way …

Although recent advancements in cancer immunology have resulted in the approval of
numerous immunotherapies, minimal progress has been observed in addressing hard-to …

Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) has been found to be closely related to
tumor transformation, growth, and metastasis. Thus, the delivery of hTERT small interfering …

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a vision-impairing complication of diabetes, damaging the
retinal microcirculatory system. Overexpression of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) …

In recent years, the innovation of gene-editing tools such as the CRISPR/Cas9 system
improves the translational gap of treatments mediated by gene therapy. The privileges of …

Introduction Despite the great therapeutic potential of gene therapy for treating critical
diseases, the clinical application is limited by lack of safe and effective gene delivery …

Since the dawn of life, bacteria and phages are locked in a constant battle and both are
perpetually changing their tactics to overcome each other. Bacteria use various strategies to …

Polyelectrolytes represent a unique class of polymers abundant in ionizable functional
groups. In a solution, ionized polyelectrolytes can intricately bond with oppositely charged …

High-dose methotrexate (MTX) chemotherapeutic applications confront drug specificity and
pharmacokinetic challenges, which can be overcome by utilizing targeted drug delivery …

Cytotoxicity, speedy degradation, and limited cellular absorption are the foremost features
influencing the successful delivery of RNAs. Chitosan (Cs) is a polymer that offers an …