Over the past decade, the Arctic has warmed by 0.75° C, far outpacing the global average,
while Antarctic temperatures have remained comparatively stable. As Earth approaches 2° …

The greatest impacts of climate change on ecosystems, wildlife and humans often arise from
extreme events rather than changes in climatic means. Northern high latitudes, including the …

As the Arctic continues to warm faster than the rest of the planet, evidence mounts that the
region is experiencing unprecedented environmental change. The hydrological cycle is …

Our current 1.1 C warmer world is already affecting natural and human systems in Europe
(very high confidence1). Since AR5, there has been a substantial increase in detected or …

This chapter assesses the state of physical, biological and social knowledge concerning the
Arctic and Antarctic ocean and cryosphere, how they are affected by climate change, and …

Snow is an important driver of ecosystem processes in cold biomes. Snow accumulation
determines ground temperature, light conditions, and moisture availability during winter. It …

As assessed over the period of satellite observations, October 1978 to present, there are
downward linear trends in Arctic sea ice extent for all months, largest at the end of the melt …

Given the marked variation in abiotic and biotic conditions between day and night, many
species specialise their physical activity to being diurnal or nocturnal, and it was long …

Arctic precipitation in the form of rain is forecast to become more prevalent in a warmer world
but with seasonal and interannual changes modulated by natural modes of variability …

The ability of many species to adapt to the shifting environmental conditions associated with
climate change will be a key determinant of their persistence in the coming decades. This is …