Highlights•Several mechanisms control faithful action potential propagation along the
axon.•Action potential waveform is compartmentalized in different axonal segments.•Analog …

Action potentials (APs) are generally produced in response to complex summation of
excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. While it is usually considered as a digital event …

Identifying presynaptic mechanisms of general anesthetics is critical to understanding their
effects on synaptic transmission. We show that the volatile anesthetic isoflurane inhibits …

Axons convey information in neuronal circuits via reliable conduction of action potentials
(APs) from the axon initial segment (AIS) to the presynaptic terminals. Recent experimental …

Homeostatic plasticity of intrinsic excitability goes hand in hand with homeostatic plasticity of
synaptic transmission. However, the mechanisms linking the two forms of homeostatic …

In many neurons, subthreshold depolarization in the soma can transiently increase action-
potential (AP)-evoked neurotransmission via analog-to-digital facilitation. The mechanisms …

Analysis of the presynaptic action potential's (APsyn) role in synaptic facilitation in
hippocampal pyramidal neurons has been difficult due to size limitations of axons. We …

Neurodevelopmental disorders, such as intellectual disability (ID), epilepsy, and autism,
involve altered synaptic transmission and plasticity. Functional characterization of their …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a well-known second messenger in all cells, and is especially relevant for
neuronal activity. Neuronal Ca2+ is found in different forms, with a minority being freely …

Background The effects of polystyrene nanoplastic (PS-NP) on the human body is a matter
of global concern, as they are mainly absorbed through the food chain after release into the …