Grooming is a widespread activity throughout the animal kingdom, but in primates (including
humans) social grooming, or allo-grooming (the grooming of others), plays a particularly …

Darwin recognized that natural selection could not favor a trait in one species solely for the
benefit of another species. The modern, selfish-gene view of the world suggests that …

While the importance of mutualisms across the tree of life is recognized, it is not understood
why some organisms evolve high levels of dependence on mutualistic partnerships, while …

Mutualisms (cooperative interactions between species) have had a central role in the
generation and maintenance of life on earth. Insects and plants are involved in diverse forms …

The various behavioral disciplines model human behavior in distinct and incompatible ways.
Yet, recent theoretical and empirical developments have created the conditions for …

Covering the major topics of evolutionary game theory, Game-Theoretical Models in Biology,
Second Edition presents both abstract and practical mathematical models of real biological …

Humans use punishment to promote cooperation in laboratory experiments but evidence
that punishment plays a similar role in non-human animals is comparatively rare. In this …

This paper reviews recent work on reciprocal altruism in primates with the aim of highlighting
the roles that reciprocal partner choice may have had in the evolution of primate altruism …

Reciprocity–doing for others if they have done for you–is a key way people mobilize
resources to deal with daily life and seize opportunities. In principle, reciprocity (the Golden …

Over the last two decades a large number of experiments have been conducted in which two
conspecifics, mainly vertebrates, could obtain rewards through cooperation. At least three …