Agricultural productivity worldwide is subject to increasing environmental constraints,
particularly to drought and salinity due to their high magnitude of impact and wide …

Low temperature, drought, and high salinity are common stress conditions that adversely
affect plant growth and crop production. The cellular and molecular responses of plants to …

Because the genome stores all genetic information required for growth and development, it
is of pivotal importance to maintain DNA integrity, especially during cell division, when the …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades have emerged as a universal signal
transduction mechanism that connects diverse receptors/sensors to cellular and nuclear …

Guard cells regulate stomatal pore size through integration of both endogenous and
environmental signals; they are widely recognized as providing a key switching mechanism …

Plant development and stress responses are regulated by complex signalling networks that
mediate specific and dynamic plant responses upon activation by various types of …

Exposure of plants to UV‐B radiation (280–320 nm) results in changes in expression of a
large number of genes. Before UV‐B radiation or light of other wavelengths can give rise to …

Mitogen-activated protein MAP kinases are key signal-transducing enzymes that are
activated by a wide range of extracellular stimuli. They are responsible for the induction of a …

Protein phosphorylation is the most important mechanism for controlling many fundamental
cellular processes in all living organisms including plants. A specific class of …

Wound signaling pathways in plants are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinases
(MAPKs) and stress hormones, such as ethylene and jasmonates. In Arabidopsis thaliana …