By removing biosynthetic errors from newly synthesized DNA, mismatch repair (MMR)
improves the fidelity of DNA replication by several orders of magnitude. Loss of MMR brings …

Over the past several years, studies on normal and malignant B cells have provided new
insights into the unique physiology of the germinal centre (GC). In particular, advances in …

Class-switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin heavy chains is the genetic process
by which a B cell switches from the production of IgM to the production of IgG, IgE or IgA …

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), which is specific to B lymphocytes, is required
for class switch recombination (CSR)—a process mediating isotype switching of …

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is a protein required for B cells to undergo
class switch recombination and somatic hypermutation (SHM)—two processes essential for …

The expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is prerequisite to a “trifecta”
of key molecular events in B cells: class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation in …

Antibody-mediated immunity is critical to the resistance of vertebrate species to pathogenic
organisms. Although low-affinity immunoglobin (Ig) M antibodies circulate in the blood prior …

B lymphocytes use somatic hypermutation (SHM) to optimize immunoglobulins. Although
SHM can rescue single point mutations deliberately introduced into nonimmunoglobulin …

Abstract V (D) J recombination is the process by which the variable region exons encoding
the antigen recognition sites of receptors expressed on B and T lymphocytes are generated …

The bursa of Fabricius is critical for the normal development of B lymphocytes in birds. It is
productively colonized during embryonic life by a limited number of B cell precursors that …