We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

The geography and timing of changes in water availability under climate change are of
considerable societal interest. Characterizing these changes in a robust and meaningful …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Arid and semi-arid regions of the world are particularly vulnerable to greenhouse gas–
driven hydroclimate change. Climate models are our primary tool for projecting the future …

Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Global warming alters surface water availability (precipitation minus evapotranspiration, P–
E) and hence freshwater resources. However, the influence of land–atmosphere feedbacks …

Rainfall on Earth is most intense in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), a narrow belt
of clouds centred on average around six degrees north of the Equator. The mean position of …

This review examines the role of the atmospheric evaporative demand (AED) in drought.
AED is a complex concept and here we discuss possible AED definitions, the subsequent …

Purpose of review We review the extensive and sometimes conflicting recent literature on
drought changes under global warming. We focus on soil moisture deficits, which are …

In recent decades, the land surface has warmed substantially more than the ocean surface,
and relative humidity has fallen over land. Amplified warming and declining relative humidity …