Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central
nervous system afflicting nearly three million individuals worldwide. Neuroimmune …

Current therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce both relapses and relapse-associated
worsening of disability, which is assumed to be mainly associated with transient infiltration of …

Chronic low-grade inflammation and neuronal deregulation are two components of a
smoldering disease activity that drives the progression of disability in people with multiple …

Traditionally, lymphocytic interferon γ (IFN-γ) was considered to be a simple'booster'of
proinflammatory responses by microglia (brain-resident macrophages) during bacterial or …

Inflammation-induced neurodegeneration is a defining feature of multiple sclerosis (MS), yet
the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. By dissecting the neuronal inflammatory stress …

As resident macrophages of the CNS, microglia are critical immune effectors of inflammatory
lesions and associated neural dysfunctions. In multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal …

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) play pivotal roles in myelin formation and
phagocytosis, communicating with neighboring cells and contributing to the integrity of the …

Ependymal cells are indispensable components of the central nervous system (CNS). They
originate from neuroepithelial cells of the neural plate and show heterogeneity, with at least …

For decades, it has been widely believed that the blood–brain barrier (BBB) provides an
immune privileged environment in the central nervous system (CNS) by blocking peripheral …

Central nervous system (CNS)-resident cells such as microglia, oligodendrocytes and
astrocytes are gaining increasing attention in respect to their contribution to CNS …