Although the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI) has improved considerably, it is still a
worldwide disease with high morbidity and high mortality. Whilst there is still a long way to …

Myocardial infarction (MI), as a result of thrombosis or vascular occlusion, is the most
prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality among all cardiovascular diseases. The …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial
diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the …

Cardiac fibrosis is a common pathophysiologic companion of most myocardial diseases,
and is associated with systolic and diastolic dysfunction, arrhythmogenesis, and adverse …

The master cytokine TGF-β mediates tissue fibrosis associated with inflammation and tissue
injury. TGF-β induces fibroblast activation and differentiation into myofibroblasts that secrete …

In adult mammals, massive sudden loss of cardiomyocytes after infarction overwhelms the
limited regenerative capacity of the myocardium, resulting in the formation of a collagen …

Ischemic cell death during a myocardial infarction leads to a multiphase reparative response
in which the damaged tissue is replaced with a fibrotic scar produced by fibroblasts and …

Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and
degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic …

Cardiac fibrosis, characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM)
proteins in the myocardium, distorts the architecture of the myocardium, facilitates the …

Metabolic pathways integrate to support tissue homeostasis and to prompt changes in cell
phenotype. In particular, the heart consumes relatively large amounts of substrate not only to …