▪ Abstract Microbes produce an extraordinary array of microbial defense systems. These
include classical antibiotics, metabolic by-products, lytic agents, numerous types of protein …

Colicins are proteins produced by and toxic for some strains of Escherichia coli. They are
produced by strains of E. coli carrying a colicinogenic plasmid that bears the genetic …

The bacteriocin family is the most abundant and diverse group of bacterial defense systems.
Bacteriocins range from the well-studied narrow spectrum, high molecular weight colicins …

Toxin-antitoxin systems are very commonly found both on large, low-copy plasmids, where
they increase effective stability (35), and on bacterial chromosomes, where their function has …

Covering: up to 2017 The overwhelming majority of antibiotics in clinical use originate from
Gram-positive Actinobacteria. In recent years, however, Gram-negative bacteria have …

The biology of Escherichia coli in its primary niche, the animal intestinal tract, is remarkably
unexplored. Studies with the streptomycin-treated mouse model have produced important …

Background Bacteriocin production is an important characteristic of E. coli strains of human
origin. To date, 26 colicin and 9 microcin types have been analyzed on a molecular level …

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) strains
are the causative agents of severe foodborne diseases in both humans and animals. In this …

Formation of bacterial biofilm communities leads to profound physiological modifications
and increased physical and metabolic exchanges between bacteria. It was previously …

The study of molecular evolution has become a valuable tool in understanding the origin of
life and the speciation of organisms, with the focus on changes in DNA and protein …