Homeostasis is a prerequisite for health. When homeostasis becomes disrupted, dysfunction
occurs. This is especially the case for the gut microbiota, which under normal conditions …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to a range of various pathophysiological processes
correlated with abnormal renal function and a progressive loss in GFR. Just as dysbiosis …

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is a transcription factor with roles in detoxification,
development, immune response, chronic kidney disease and other syndromes. It regulates …

The coordinated movement of organic anions (eg, drugs, metabolites, signaling molecules,
nutrients, antioxidants, gut microbiome products) between tissues and body fluids depends …

The topic of uremic toxicity has received broad attention from the nephrological community
over the past few decades. An aspect that is much less often considered is the possibility …

The members of the organic anion transporter (OAT) family are mainly expressed in kidney,
liver, placenta, intestine, and brain. These transporters play important roles in the disposition …

The organic anion transporters, OAT1 and OAT3, regulate the movement of drugs, toxins,
and endogenous metabolites. In 2006, we proposed that OATs and other SLC22 …

Probenecid is used to treat gout and hyperuricemia as well as increase plasma levels of
antiviral drugs and antibiotics. In vivo, probenecid mainly inhibits the renal SLC22 organic …

The organic anion transporter OAT1 (SLC22A6, originally identified as NKT) is a
multispecific transporter responsible for the elimination by the kidney of small organic anions …

The SLC22 family of OATs, OCTs, and OCTNs is emerging as a central hub of endogenous
physiology. Despite often being referred to as “drug” transporters, they facilitate the …