Comprehensive description and quantification of stand structure is needed for managing or
maintaining forests as complex systems. The tree position and diameter based structural …

The expansion of European beech to northeastern regions due to climate change is
anticipated, especially if assisted migration techniques are employed. Marginal populations …

This study aimed to compare the socio-environmental benefits of one of the most widely
planted forest species, ie, Pinus roxburghii (Sarg., hereafter 'Pine'or 'Pinus') with naturally …

Understanding the distribution of biodiversity across forest landscapes is a key issue for the
spatial planning of conservation management. Obtaining such spatial perspective is …

Since tree morphological structure is strongly influenced by internal genetic and external
environmental factors, accurate simulation of individual morphological–structural changes in …

The channel forest is believed to possess the capability to regulate debris flow; however, its
sediment trap** effect remains unclear. This study investigates the influence of tree trunk …

Optimizing the spatial structure of forests is important for improving the quality of forest
ecosystems. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) could accurately extract forest spatial …

Key message Bird assemblages in planted spruce (Picea abies L.) forests were
compositionally distinct from those in naturally regenerated mixed stands. Despite rapid …

We evaluated the long-term impacts of various forest management practices on the structure
and biodiversity of Estonian hemiboreal forests, a unique ecological transition zone between …

The anticipated increase in extreme disturbance events due to climate change is likely to
expose Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) dominated forests in northern Europe to new …