By synthesizing recent studies employing a wide range of approaches (modern
observations, paleo reconstructions, and climate model simulations), this paper provides a …

Abstract The Little Ice Age (LIA), which lasted from about 1250 to 1860 AD, was likely the
coldest period of the last 8000 years. Using new documentary data and analyses of alpine …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) is a system of ocean currents that
has an essential role in Earth's climate, redistributing heat and influencing the carbon cycle …

Large-scale millennial length Northern Hemisphere (NH) temperature reconstructions have
been progressively improved over the last 20 years as new datasets have been developed …

Abstract The Azores High is a persistent atmospheric high-pressure ridge over the North
Atlantic surrounded by anticyclonic winds that steer rain-bearing weather systems and …

Pronounced climate changes have occurred since the 1970s, including rapid loss of Arctic
sea ice, large-scale warming and increased tropical storm activity in the Atlantic …

Abstract The North Atlantic experiences climate variability on multidecadal scales, which is
sometimes referred to as Atlantic multidecadal variability. However, the relative contributions …

Climate field reconstructions from networks of tree-ring proxy data can be used to
characterize regional-scale climate changes, reveal spatial anomaly patterns associated …