Animal locomotion is the result of complex and multi-layered interactions between the
nervous system, the musculo-skeletal system and the environment. Decoding the underlying …

The bipedal stance and gait of theropod dinosaurs evolved gradually along the lineage
leading to birds and at some point (s), flight evolved. How and when did these changes …

Summary 1 Time and energy are key currencies in animal ecology, and judicious
management of these is a primary focus for natural selection. At present, however, there are …

This paper explores the benefits of using multiple gaits in a single robot. Inspired by nature,
where humans and animals use different gaits to increase their energetic economy, we …

Background Wearable devices validly assess spatiotemporal running parameters (cadence,
vertical oscillation and ground contact time), but the relationship between these parameters …

Cursorial ground birds are paragons of bipedal running that span a 500-fold mass range
from quail to ostrich. Here we investigate the task-level control priorities of cursorial birds by …

Humans and birds use very different running styles. Unlike humans, birds adopt “grounded
running” at intermediate speeds—a running gait where at least one foot always maintains …

This study aimed to determine mountain ultra-marathon (MUM) performance factors in a
large group of endurance mountain runners. Maximal aerobic speed (MAS) was assessed …

For centuries, elephant locomotion has been a contentious and confusing challenge for
locomotion scientists to understand, not only because of technical difficulties but also …

We developed a three-dimensional, biomechanical computer model of the 36 major pelvic
limb muscle groups in an ostrich (Struthio camelus) to investigate muscle function in this, the …