Many analyses of observational data are attempts to emulate a target trial. The emulation of
the target trial may fail when researchers deviate from simple principles that guide the …

A dynamic treatment regime consists of a sequence of decision rules, one per stage of
intervention, that dictate how to individualize treatments to patients, based on evolving …

Importance Many medical journals, includingJAMA, restrict the use of causal language to the
reporting of randomized clinical trials. Although well-conducted randomized clinical trials …

Ideally, questions about comparative effectiveness or safety would be answered using an
appropriately designed and conducted randomized experiment. When we cannot conduct a …

We study sequential decision making in environments where rewards are only partially
observed, but can be modeled as a function of observed contexts and the chosen action by …

This book was written to summarize and describe the state of the art of statistical methods
developed to address questions of estimation and inference for dynamic treatment regimes …

This handbook presents many methodological advances and the latest applications of
missing data methods in empirical research. It outlines a general taxonomy of missing data …

The management of many health disorders often entails a sequential, individualized
approach whereby treatment is adapted and readapted over time in response to the specific …

Longitudinal studies, where data are repeatedly collected on subjects over a period, are
common in medical research. When estimating the effect of a time‐varying treatment or …

Dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs) are sequential decision rules for individual patients that
can adapt over time to an evolving illness. The goal is to accommodate heterogeneity …