Research on defensive behaviour in mammals has in recent years focused on elicited
reactions; however, organisms also make active choices when responding to danger. We …

The brain mechanisms of fear have been studied extensively using Pavlovian fear
conditioning, a procedure that allows exploration of how the brain learns about and later …

Top-down prefrontal cortex inputs to the hippocampus have been hypothesized to be
important in memory consolidation, retrieval, and the pathophysiology of major psychiatric …

Fear memories guide adaptive behavior in contexts associated with aversive events. The
hippocampus forms a neural representation of the context that predicts aversive events …

Fear and anxiety are brain states that evolved to mediate defensive responses to threats.
The defense reaction includes multiple interacting behavioral, autonomic and endocrine …

Despite the obvious importance of emotion to human existence, scientists concerned with
human nature have not been able to reach a consensus about what emotion is and what …

Emotions are multifaceted, but a key aspect of emotion involves the assessment of the value
of environmental stimuli. This article reviews the many psychological representations …

The aim of the third edition of this book is... to provide a lucid introduction to contemporary
phenomena and theories about learning and behavior. The book strives to present a …

Fear conditioning is one of the most frequently used laboratory procedures for modeling
learning and memory generally, and anxiety disorders in particular. The conditional …

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is an experience-dependent form of neural plasticity believed
to involve mechanisms that underlie memory formation,,. LTP has been studied most …