Bacterial sphingomyelinases and phospholipases are a heterogeneous group of esterases
which are usually surface associated or secreted by a wide variety of Gram-positive and …

Biofilms constitute the predominant microbial style of life in natural and engineered
ecosystems. Facing harsh environmental conditions, microorganisms accumulate reactive …

1. A host for viruses 2. A host for yeast 3. A host for protists 4. Acanthamoeba and bacteria
interactions 5. Is Acanthamoebaan evolutionary ancestor of macrophages? 6 …

Since its first description in 1982, the zoonotic life-threatening Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli O157: H7 has emerged as an important food-and water-borne pathogen …

The epithelium represents the first and most extensive line of defence against pathogens,
toxins and pollutant agents in humans. In general, pathogens have developed strategies to …

Background Acanthamoeba is an environmental host for various microorganisms.
Acanthamoeba is also becoming an increasingly important pathogen as a cause of keratitis …

Free-living amoebae are thought to represent an environmental niche in which amoeba-
resistant bacteria may evolve towards pathogenicity. To get more insights into factors …

Macrophages are immune cells that are known to engulf pathogens and destroy them by
employing several mechanisms, including oxidative burst, induction of Fe (II) and Mn (II) …

Ever since the publication of the seminal paper by Lynn Margulis in 1967 proposing the
theory of the endosymbiotic origin of organelles, the study of the symbiotic relationships …

Most opportunistic pathogens transit in the environment between hosts and the environment
plays a significant role in the evolution of protective traits. The coincidental evolution …