Tumour formation involves the co-evolution of neoplastic cells together with extracellular
matrix, tumour vasculature and immune cells. Successful outgrowth of tumours and eventual …

In recent years, it has been shown that breast cancer consists not only of neoplastic cells,
but also of significant alterations in the surrounding stroma or tumor microenvironment …

Cancer is a systemic disease encompassing multiple components of both tumor cells
themselves and host stromal cells. It is now clear that stromal cells in the tumor …

Breast cancer is not a single disease, but rather is composed of distinct subtypes associated
with different clinical outcomes. Understanding this heterogeneity is key for the development …

The current model of human breast cancer progression proposes a linear multi‐step process
which initiates as flat epithelial atypia (FEA), progresses to atypical ductal hyperplasia …

Introduction The importance of the tumor microenvironment in breast cancer has been
increasingly recognized. Critical molecular changes in the tumor stroma accompanying …

Increasing evidence indicates that tumor–stromal cell interactions have a crucial role in
tumor initiation and progression. These interactions modify cellular compartments, leading to …

Novel mechanisms, and molecular mediators, of the pro-tumorigenic effects of cancer-
associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have been identified. These include CXCL12/SDF-1-mediated …

In the last years, mortality from breast cancer has declined in western countries as a
consequence of a more widespread screening resulting in earlier detection, as well as an …

Investigation into intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of the epigenome is in a formative stage.
The patterns of tumor evolution inferred from epigenetic ITH and genetic ITH are remarkably …