Astrocytes are neural cells of ectodermal, neuroepithelial origin that provide for homeostasis
and defense of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are highly heterogeneous in …

Glutamate is one of the most prevalent neurotransmitters released by excitatory neurons in
the central nervous system (CNS); however, residual glutamate in the extracellular space is …

Increased intake of dietary carbohydrate that is fermented in the colon by the microbiota has
been reported to decrease body weight, although the mechanism remains unclear. Here we …

The identification of the presence of active signaling between astrocytes and neurons in a
process termed gliotransmission has caused a paradigm shift in our thinking about brain …

The discovery that transient elevations of calcium concentration occur in astrocytes, and
release'gliotransmitters' which act on neurons and vascular smooth muscle, led to the idea …

We define a new concept of 'active milieu'that unifies all components of nervous tissue
(neuronal and glial compartments, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, and vasculature) …

Abstract γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter released at
GABAergic synapses, mediating fast-acting phasic inhibition. Emerging lines of evidence …

A plethora of neurological disorders shares a final common deadly pathway known as
excitotoxicity. Among these disorders, ischemic injury is a prominent cause of death and …

Enhanced bursting activity of neurons in the lateral habenula (LHb) is essential in driving
depression-like behaviours, but the cause of this increase has been unknown. Here, using a …

Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity is an important mechanism leading to post ischemic
stroke damage. After acute stroke, the sudden reduction in cerebral blood flow is most …