The ALICE experiment was proposed in 1993, to study strongly-interacting matter at extreme
energy densities and temperatures. This proposal entailed a comprehensive investigation of …

Chiral symmetry and its spontaneous breaking play an important role both in the light
hadron and heavy hadron systems. The chiral perturbation theory (χ PT) is the low energy …

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles
such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an …

This paper reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and τ τ-lepton
properties obtained by the Heavy Flavour Averaging Group using results available through …

The quark model was formulated in 1964 to classify mesons as bound states made of a
quark–antiquark pair, and baryons as bound states made of three quarks. For a long time all …

Abstract Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP), a QCD state of matter created in ultra-relativistic
heavy-ion collisions, has remarkable properties including, for example, a low shear viscosity …

The nuclear-physics landscape has been redesigned as a sequence of effective field
theories (EFTs) connected to the standard model through symmetries and lattice simulations …

We review key measurements performed by CMS in the context of its heavy ion physics
program, using event samples collected in 2010–2018 with several collision systems and …

A large number of experimental discoveries especially in the heavy quarkonium sector that
did not meet the expectations of the until then very successful quark model led to a …

1 Executive summary The purpose of this document is to outline the develo** scientific
case for pursuing an energy upgrade to 22 GeV of the Continuous Electron Beam …