Football referees at the elite level are required to meet high-performance standards,
physically, behaviourally, and mentally. These may pose considerable cognitive load which …

Along with incentive schemes, another well-established way to align the interests of
principals and agents and, consequently, to reduce and eliminate biases and errors is the …

The presence of spectators in sport is considered a factor that leads to home advantage
(HA). The objective of this research was to analyse the difference of wins, points and goals …

Decision-making (DM) is a critical aspect of soccer refereeing. Referees make numerous
repetitive decisions, many of which are dependent on appropriate field location and effective …

An analysis is made of home advantage in the group stages of qualification for the 2006,
2010 and 2014 football World Cup finals, the first such study of national teams worldwide in …

The decision-making processes of referees in sports are affected by many factors, including
the pressure of spectators. While the home/visitor bias has been previously investigated, the …

Sports psychology acknowledges the importance of referees in sports. However, evidence is
still needed on psychological variables related to refereeing decisions. Psychological …

Football referees are required to make numerous decisions per match under physiological
and emotional strain. Within this context, VAR (video assistant referee) interventions …

The home advantage and the subconscious referee bias regularly occur in professional
sports, particularly in association football. The matches played behind closed doors in spring …

In football, referees are expected to deliver consistent and unbiased judgments, grounded in
professional knowledge and expertise. However, much of the research on referees' decision …