We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

We review progress in the study of antinuclei, starting from Dirac's equation and the
discovery of the positron in cosmic-ray events. The development of proton accelerators led …

The precise measurement of the spectrum of protons, the most abundant component of the
cosmic radiation, is necessary to understand the source and acceleration of cosmic rays in …

Composition and spectra of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) are vital for studies of high-energy
processes in a variety of environments and on different scales, for interpretation of γ-ray and …

Motivated by the recent high-precision measurements of cosmic rays by several new-
generation experiments, we have carried out a detailed study to understand the observed …

The PAMELA cosmic-ray detector was launched on June 15th 2006 on board the Russian
Resurs-DK1 satellite, and during ten years of nearly continuous data-taking it has observed …

The local interstellar spectra (LISs) for galactic cosmic rays (CRs) cannot be directly
observed at the Earth below certain energies, because of solar modulation in the …

This article aims at establishing new benchmark scenarios for Galactic cosmic-ray
propagation in the GV-TV rigidity range, based on fits to the AMS-02 boron to carbon ratio …

The precision of the current generation of cosmic-ray (CR) experiments, such as AMS-02,
PAMELA, CALET, and ISS-CREAM, is now reaching≈ 1–3% in a wide range in energy per …

Despite the significant progress achieved in recent years, the physical mechanisms
underlying the origin of solar energetic particles (SEPs) are still a matter of debate. The …