Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE): Review of observations and current understanding

M Rapp, FJ Lübken - Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 2004‏ - acp.copernicus.org
Polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSE) are very strong radar echoes primarily studied in
the VHF wavelength range from altitudes close to the polar summer mesopause. Radar …

Introduction to ionospheric heating at Tromsø—I. Experimental overview

MT Rietveld, H Kohl, H Kopka, P Stubbe - Journal of atmospheric and …, 1993‏ - Elsevier
The HF ionospheric modification (heating) facility at Ramfjordmoen will become a part of the
EISCAT association from January 1993. This paper, which is intended for the new user …

Review of ionospheric modification experiments at Tromsø

P Stubbe - Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, 1996‏ - Elsevier
~ Pergamon 0021-9169(95)00041-0 Review of ionospheric modification experiments at
Troms~ 2. D-REGION MODIFICATION Page 1 ~ Pergamon Journal of Atmospheric and …

The science case for the EISCAT_3D radar

I McCrea, A Aikio, L Alfonsi, E Belova, S Buchert… - Progress in Earth and …, 2015‏ - Springer
Abstract The EISCAT (European Incoherent SCATer) Scientific Association has provided
versatile incoherent scatter (IS) radar facilities on the mainland of northern Scandinavia (the …

100 days of ELF/VLF generation via HF heating with HAARP

MB Cohen, M Gołkowski - Journal of Geophysical Research …, 2013‏ - Wiley Online Library
Extremely low frequency/very low frequency (ELF/VLF) radio waves are difficult to generate
with conventional antennas. Ionospheric high frequency (HF) heating facilities generate …

The characteristics of ionospheric heating‐produced ELF/VLF waves over 32 hours

MT Rietveld, HP Mauelshagen… - Journal of …, 1987‏ - Wiley Online Library
In October 1981, ELF/VLF waves were produced in the ionosphere in an alternating
sequence of approximately 1, 2, 3, and 5 kHz by modulated HF heating of the ionosphere …

ELF/VLF wave generation via ionospheric HF heating: Experimental comparison of amplitude modulation, beam painting, and geometric modulation

MB Cohen, US Inan, M Gołkowski… - Journal of Geophysical …, 2010‏ - Wiley Online Library
Generation of ELF/VLF radio waves (300 Hz to 10 kHz) is achievable via modulation of
natural currents in the lower ionosphere with high‐power HF (2–10 MHz) heating. Recently …

On the frequency dependence of ELF/VLF waves produced by modulated ionospheric heating

MT Rietveld, P Stubbe, H Kopka - Radio science, 1989‏ - ieeexplore.ieee.org
We present results of the local field strength and, for the first time, apparent source height as
a function of frequency from 200 to 6600 Hz of ELF/VLF waves produced in the auroral D …

[HTML][HTML] Progress in the knowledge, application and influence of extremely low frequency signals

RM Garcia, N Novas, A Alcayde, D El Khaled… - Applied sciences, 2020‏ - mdpi.com
Featured Application Carrying out the state-of-the-art study of the different applications of
extremely low frequency (ELF) waves has enabled the determination of the importance of …

First EISCAT measurement of electron-gas temperature in the artificially heated D-region ionosphere

A Kero, T Bösinger, P Pollari, E Turunen… - Annales Geophysicae, 2000‏ - Springer
The ionospheric electron gas can be heated artificially by a powerful radio wave. According
to our modeling, the maximum effect of this heating occurs in the D-region where the …