Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most frequent
neurodegenerative disorders. Despite their pathophysiological and clinical differences, they …

Highly reproducible epidemiological evidence shows that type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases
the risk and rate of progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), and crucially, the repurposing …

Background and Objectives Cadaveric studies have shown disease-related
neurodegeneration and other morphological abnormalities in the retina of individuals with …

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are both age-related diseases of
global concern being among the most common chronic metabolic and neurodegenerative …

Impairments in systematic and regional glucose metabolism exist in patients with
Parkinson's disease (PD) at every stage of the disease course, and such impairments are …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Recent
data highlight similarities between neurodegenerative diseases, including PD and type 2 …

Background Previous studies reported inconsistent results regarding association between
diabetes mellitus (DM), prediabetes and risk, disease progression of Parkinson's disease …

Dopamine regulates several functions, such as voluntary movements, spatial memory,
motivation, sleep, arousal, feeding, immune function, maternal behaviors, and lactation …

Insulin crosses the blood–brain barrier to enter the brain from the periphery. In the brain,
insulin has well-established actions in the hypothalamus, as well as at the level of …

Background The trialed treatment landscape of Parkinson's disease (PD) is extensive, but
up to now, there is no disease-modifying therapy. As the pathophysiology of PD becomes …